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pybricks-api/pybricks/builtins.py
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Laurens Valk 4faa5d3df8 doc/hubs.EV3Brick: toggle note specs
This condenses long lists that are not frequently used.
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Python

"""Generic cross-platform module for typical devices like lights, displays,
speakers, and batteries."""
from .parameters import Direction, Stop, Axis
class DCMotor():
"""Generic class to control simple motors without rotation sensors, such
as train motors."""
def __init__(self, port,
positive_direction=Direction.CLOCKWISE):
"""
Arguments:
port (Port): Port to which the motor is connected.
positive_direction (Direction): Which direction the motor should
turn when you give a positive duty cycle value.
"""
pass
def dc(self, duty):
"""Rotate the motor at a given duty cycle (also known as "power").
Arguments:
duty (:ref:`percentage`): The duty cycle (-100.0 to 100).
"""
pass
def set_dc_settings(self, duty_limit, duty_offset):
"""Configure the settings to adjust the behavior of the :meth:`.dc`
command. This also affects all of the ``run`` commands, which use
the :meth:`.dc` method in the background.
Arguments:
duty_limit (:ref:`percentage`): Relative torque limit during
subsequent motor commands. This
sets the maximum duty cycle that is
applied during any subsequent motor
command. This reduces the maximum
torque output to a percentage of
the absolute maximum stall torque.
This is useful to avoid applying
the full motor torque to a geared
or lever mechanism, or to prevent
your motor from
unintentionally going at full
speed. (*Default*: 100).
duty_offset (:ref:`percentage`): Minimum duty cycle given when you
use :meth:`.dc`. This adds a small
feed forward torque so that your
motor will move even for very low
duty cycle values, which can be
useful when you create your own
feedback controllers
(*Default*: 0).
"""
pass
class Motor(DCMotor):
"""Generic class to control motors with built-in rotation sensors."""
def __init__(self, port,
positive_direction=Direction.CLOCKWISE,
gears=None):
"""
Arguments:
port (Port): Port to which the motor is connected.
positive_direction (Direction): Which direction the motor should
turn when you give a positive speed value or
angle (*Default*: ``Direction.CLOCKWISE``).
gears (list):
List of gears linked to the motor (*Default*:``None``).
For example: ``[12, 36]`` represents a gear train with a
12-tooth and a 36-tooth gear. Use a list of lists for multiple
gear trains, such as ``[[12, 36], [20, 16, 40]]``.
When you specify a gear train, all motor commands and settings
are automatically adjusted to account for the resulting gear
ratio. The motor direction remains unchanged by this. See
:ref:`gears` for more information.
"""
pass
def angle(self):
"""Get the rotation angle of the motor.
Returns:
:ref:`angle`: Motor angle.
"""
pass
def speed(self):
"""Get the speed (angular velocity) of the motor.
Returns:
:ref:`speed`: Motor speed.
"""
pass
def stalled(self):
"""Check whether the motor is currently stalled.
A motor is stalled when it cannot move even with the maximum torque.
For example, when something is blocking the motor or your mechanism
simply cannot turn any further. See :ref:`stalled` for more
information.
Returns:
bool: ``True`` if the motor is stalled, ``False`` if it is not.
"""
pass
def reset_angle(self, angle):
"""Reset the accumulated rotation angle of the motor.
Arguments:
angle (:ref:`angle`): Value to which the angle should be reset. If
you don't specify an angle, the absolute
value will be used if the motor supports it.
"""
pass
def stop(self, stop_type=Stop.COAST):
"""Stop the motor.
Arguments:
stop_type (Stop): Whether to coast, brake, or hold (*Default*:
:class:`Stop.COAST <.parameters.Stop>`).
"""
pass
def run(self, speed):
"""Keep the motor running at a constant speed (angular velocity).
The motor will accelerate towards the requested speed and the duty
cycle is automatically adjusted to keep the speed constant, even under
some load. This continues in the background until you give the motor a
new command or the program stops.
Arguments:
speed (:ref:`speed`): Speed of the motor.
"""
pass
def run_time(self, speed, time, stop_type=Stop.COAST, wait=True):
"""Run the motor at a constant speed (angular velocity) for a given
amount of time.
The motor will accelerate towards the requested speed and the duty
cycle is automatically adjusted to keep the speed constant, even under
some load. It begins to decelerate just in time to reach standstill
after the specified duration.
Arguments:
speed (:ref:`speed`): Speed of the motor.
time (:ref:`time`): Duration of the maneuver.
stop_type (Stop): Whether to coast, brake, or hold after coming to
a standstill (*Default*:
:class:`Stop.COAST <.parameters.Stop>`).
wait (bool): Wait for the maneuver to complete before continuing
with the rest of the program (*Default*: ``True``).
This means that your program waits for the
specified ``time``.
"""
pass
def run_angle(self, speed, rotation_angle,
stop_type=Stop.COAST, wait=True):
"""Run the motor at a constant speed (angular velocity) by a given
angle.
The motor will accelerate towards the requested speed and the duty
cycle is automatically adjusted to keep the speed constant, even under
some load. It begins to decelerate just in time so that it comes to a
standstill after traversing the given angle.
Arguments:
speed (:ref:`speed`): Speed of the motor.
rotation_angle (:ref:`angle`): Angle by which the motor should
rotate.
stop_type (Stop): Whether to coast, brake, or hold after coming to
a standstill (*Default*:
:class:`Stop.COAST <.parameters.Stop>`).
wait (bool): Wait for the maneuver to complete before continuing
with the rest of the program (*Default*: ``True``).
This means that your program waits until the motor has
traveled precisely the requested angle.
"""
pass
def run_target(self, speed, target_angle, stop_type=Stop.COAST, wait=True):
""" Run the motor at a constant speed (angular velocity) towards a
given target angle.
The motor will accelerate towards the requested speed and the duty
cycle is automatically adjusted to keep the speed constant, even under
some load. It begins to decelerate just in time so that it comes to a
standstill at the given target angle.
The direction of rotation is automatically selected based on the target
angle.
Arguments:
speed (:ref:`speed`): Absolute speed of the motor. The direction
will be automatically selected based on the
target angle: it makes no difference if you
specify a positive or negative speed.
target_angle (:ref:`angle`): Target angle that the motor should
rotate to, regardless of its current
angle.
stop_type (Stop): Whether to coast, brake, or hold after coming to
a standstill (*Default*:
:class:`Stop.COAST <.parameters.Stop>`).
wait (bool): Wait for the maneuver to complete before continuing
with the rest of the program (*Default*: ``True``).
This means that your program waits until the motor
has reached the target angle.
"""
pass
def run_until_stalled(self, speed, stop_type=Stop.COAST, duty_limit=None):
"""Run the motor at a constant speed (angular velocity) until it
stalls. The motor is considered stalled when it cannot move even with
the maximum torque. See :meth:`.stalled` for a more precise definition.
The ``duty_limit`` argument lets you temporarily limit the motor torque
during this maneuver. This is useful to avoid applying the full motor
torque to a geared or lever mechanism.
Arguments:
speed (:ref:`speed`): Speed of the motor.
stop_type (Stop): Whether to coast, brake, or hold after coming to
a standstill (*Default*:
:class:`Stop.COAST <.parameters.Stop>`).
duty_limit (:ref:`percentage`): Relative torque limit. This limit
works just like
:meth:`.set_dc_settings`, but in
this case the limit is temporary:
it returns to its previous value
after completing this command.
"""
pass
def track_target(self, target_angle):
"""Track a target angle that varies in time.
This function is quite similar to :meth:`.run_target`, but speed and
acceleration settings are ignored: it will move to the target angle as
fast as possible. Instead, you adjust speed and acceleration by
choosing how fast or slow you vary the ``target_angle``.
This method is useful in fast loops where the motor target changes
continuously.
Arguments:
target_angle (:ref:`angle`): Target angle that the motor should
rotate to.
"""
pass
def set_run_settings(self, max_speed, acceleration):
"""Configure the maximum speed and acceleration/deceleration of the
motor for all run commands.
This applies to the ``run``, ``run_time``, ``run_angle``,
``run_target``, or ``run_until_stalled`` commands you give the motor.
Arguments:
max_speed (:ref:`speed`): Maximum speed of the motor during a motor
command.
acceleration (:ref:`acceleration`): Acceleration towards the target
speed and deceleration towards
standstill. This should be a
positive value. The motor will
automatically change the sign
to decelerate as needed.
"""
pass
def set_pid_settings(self, kp, ki, kd, tight_loop_limit, angle_tolerance,
speed_tolerance, stall_speed, stall_time):
"""Configure the settings of the position and speed controllers.
Arguments:
kp (int): Proportional position (and integral speed) control
constant.
ki (int): Integral position control constant.
kd (int): Derivative position (and proportional speed) control\
constant.
tight_loop_limit (:ref:`time`): If you execute any of the ``run``
commands within this interval after
starting the previous command, the
controllers assume that you want to
control the speed directly. This
means that it will ignore the
acceleration setting and
immediately begin tracking the
speed you give in the ``run``
command. This is useful in a fast
loop, where you usually want the
motors to respond quickly rather
than accelerate smoothly, for
example with a line-following
robot.
angle_tolerance (:ref:`angle`): Allowed deviation from the target
angle before motion is considered
complete.
speed_tolerance (:ref:`speed`): Allowed deviation from zero speed
before motion is considered
complete.
stall_speed (:ref:`speed`): See :meth:`.stalled`.
stall_time (:ref:`time`): See :meth:`.stalled`.
"""
pass
class Speaker():
"""Play beeps and sounds using a speaker."""
def beep(self, frequency=500, duration=100):
"""Play a beep/tone.
Arguments:
frequency (:ref:`frequency`):
Frequency of the beep (*Default*: 500). Frequencies below 100
are treated as 100.
duration (:ref:`time`):
Duration of the beep (*Default*: 100). If the duration is less
than 0, then the method returns immediately and the frequency
play continues to play indefinitely.
"""
pass
def play_notes(self, notes, tempo=120):
"""Play a sequence of musical notes.
For example, you can play: ``['C4/4', 'C4/4', 'G4/4', 'G4/4']``.
Arguments:
notes (iter):
A sequence of notes to be played (see format below).
tempo (int):
Beats per minute where a quarter note is one beat.
"""
pass
def play_file(self, file_name):
"""Play a sound file.
Arguments:
file_name (str):
Path to the sound file, including the file extension.
"""
pass
def say(self, text):
"""Say a given text string.
You can configure the language and voice of the text using
:meth:`set_speech_options`.
Arguments:
text (str): What to say.
"""
pass
def set_speech_options(self, language=None, voice=None, speed=None, pitch=None):
"""Configure speech settings used by the :meth:`say` method.
Any option that is set to ``None`` will not be changed. If an option
is set to an invalid value :meth:`say` will use the default value
instead.
Arguments:
language (str):
Language of the text. For example, you can choose ``'en'``
(English) or ``'de'`` (German). A list of all available
languages is given below.
voice (str):
The voice to use. For example, you can choose ``'f1'`` (female
voice variant 1) or ``'m3'`` (male voice variant 3). A list of
all available voices is given below.
speed (int):
Number of words per minute.
pitch (int):
Pitch (0 to 99). Higher numbers make the voice higher pitched
and lower numbers make the voice lower pitched.
"""
pass
def set_volume(self, volume, which='_all_'):
"""Set the speaker volume.
Arguments:
volume (:ref:`percentage`):
Volume of the speaker.
which (str):
Which volume to set. ``'Beep'`` sets the volume for
:meth:`beep` and :meth:`play_notes`. ``'PCM'`` sets the volume
for :meth:`play_file` and :meth:`say`. ``'_all_'`` sets both
at the same time (*Default*: ``'_all_'``).
"""
pass
class Light():
"""Control a single-color light."""
def on(self, brightness=100):
"""Turn on the light at the specified brightness.
Arguments:
brightness (:ref:`brightness`):
Brightness of the light (*Default*: 100).
"""
def off(self):
"""Turn off the light."""
pass
class ColorLight():
"""Control a multi-color light."""
def on(self, color):
"""Turn on the light at the specified color and brightness.
Arguments:
color (Color): Color of the light. The light turns off if you
choose ``None`` or a color that is not available.
"""
pass
def off(self):
"""Turn off the light."""
pass
def rgb(self, red, green, blue):
"""Set the brightness of the red, green, and blue light.
Arguments:
red (:ref:`brightness`): Brightness of the red light.
green (:ref:`brightness`): Brightness of the green light.
blue (:ref:`brightness`): Brightness of the blue light.
"""
pass
class LightArray():
"""Control an array of single-color lights."""
def __init__(self, lights):
"""Initialize the light array.
Arguments:
lights (int): Number of lights
"""
pass
def on(self, brightness=100):
"""Turn on all the lights at the specified brightness.
Arguments:
brightness (:ref:`brightness`):
Brightness of the lights (*Default*: 100).
"""
pass
def off(self):
"""Turn off all the lights."""
pass
def array(self, *brightnesses):
"""array(first_light, ..., last_light)
Set the brightness of each light individually.
Arguments:
brightness (:ref:`brightness`, ..., :ref:`brightness`):
Brightness of each light.
"""
pass
class LightGrid():
"""Control a rectangular grid of single-color lights."""
def __init__(self, rows, columns):
"""Initialize the light grid.
Arguments:
rows (int): Number of rows in the grid
columns (int): Number of columns in the grid
"""
pass
def image(self, matrix, clear=True):
"""Show an image made up of pixels of a given brightness.
Arguments:
matrix (2D Array): Matrix of intensities (:ref:`brightness`).
clear (bool): Whether to turn off all the lights before showing
the new image (*Default*: ``True``). If you choose ``False``,
the given matrix is added to one already shown.
"""
pass
def pixel(self, row, column, brightness):
"""Turn on a pixel at the specified brightness.
Arguments:
row (int): Vertical grid index, starting at 0 from the top.
column (int): Horizontal grid index, starting at 0 from the left.
brightness (:ref:`brightness`): Brightness of the pixel.
"""
pass
def on(self, brightness=100):
"""Turn on all the pixels at the specified brightness.
Arguments:
brightness (:ref:`brightness`):
Brightness of the lights (*Default*: 100).
"""
pass
def off(self):
"""Turn off all the pixels."""
pass
def number(self, number):
"""Display a number on the light grid.
Arguments:
number (int): The number to be displayed.
"""
pass
def char(self, character):
"""Display a character or symbol on the light grid. This may
be any letter (``a``--``z``), capital letter (``A``--``Z``) or one of
the following symbols: ``!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}``.
Arguments:
character (str): The character or symbol to be displayed.
"""
pass
def text(self, text, pause=500):
"""Display a text string, one character at a time, with a pause
between each character. After the last character is shown, the light
grid turns off.
Arguments:
character (str): The character or symbol to be displayed.
time (:ref:`time`): How long to show a character before showing
the next one.
"""
pass
class KeyPad():
"""Get status of buttons on a keypad layout."""
def pressed(self):
"""Check which buttons are currently pressed.
:returns: List of pressed buttons.
:rtype: List of :class:`Button <.parameters.Button>`
"""
pass
class Battery():
"""Get the status of a battery."""
def voltage(self):
"""Get the voltage of the battery.
Returns:
:ref:`voltage`: Battery voltage.
"""
pass
def current(self):
"""Get the current supplied by the battery.
Returns:
:ref:`current`: Battery current.
"""
pass
class Accelerometer():
"""Get measurements from an accelerometer."""
def neutral(self, top, front):
"""Configure the neutral orientation of the device or hub. You do this
by specifying how it is mounted on your design, in terms of the
:ref:`robot reference frame <robotframe>`.
In this given neutral orientation, the tilt and heading will then be
zero.
Arguments:
top (Axis): Which direction the top of the device faces in the
neutral orientation. For example, you can
choose ``top=-Axis.Z`` if you mounted it such that the
neutral orientation is upside down.
front (Axis): Which direction the front of the device faces in the
neutral orientation.
"""
pass
def acceleration(self, axis=Axis.ALL):
"""acceleration(axis=Axis.ALL)
Measure the acceleration of the device along a given axis in the
:ref:`robot reference frame <robotframe>`.
Arguments:
axis (Axis): Axis along which the acceleration is
measured. (*Default*: ``axis=Axis.ALL``)
Returns:
:ref:`linacceleration`. Returns a :ref:`scalar` of the acceleration
along the specified axis.
If you choose ``axis=Axis.ALL``, you get a :ref:`vector` with the
accelerations along all three axes (x, y, z).
"""
pass
def tilt(self):
"""Get the pitch and roll angles relative to the neutral, horizontal
orientation.
The order of rotation is pitch-then-roll. This is equivalent to a
positive rotation along the x-axis and then a positive rotation
along the y-axis.
Returns:
(:ref:`angle`, :ref:`angle`): Pitch and roll angles.
"""
pass
def tapped(self):
"""Check if the device or hub was tapped.
Returns:
bool:
``True`` if tapped since this method was last called. ``False``
otherwise.
"""
# def tapped(self, axis=Axis.ALL, bidirectional=True, tolerance=45):
pass
def shaken(self):
"""Check if the device or hub was shaken.
Returns:
bool:
``True`` if shaken since this method was last called. ``False``
otherwise.
"""
# def shaken(self, axis=Axis.ALL, bidirectional=True, tolerance=45):
pass
def up(self):
"""Check which side of the device or hub currently faces upward.
:returns:
``Side.TOP``, ``Side.BOTTOM``, ``Side.LEFT``, ``Side.RIGHT``,
``Side.FRONT`` or ``Side.BACK``.
:rtype: :class:`Side <.parameters.Side>`
"""
pass
class IMU(Accelerometer):
def heading(self):
"""Get the heading angle relative to the starting orientation. It is a
a positive rotation around the :ref:`z-axis in the robot
frame <robotframe>`, prior to applying any tilt rotation.
For a vehicle viewed from the top, this means that
a positive heading value corresponds to a counterclockwise rotation.
Returns:
:ref:`angle`: Heading angle relative to starting orientation.
"""
pass
def reset_heading(self, angle):
"""Reset the accumulated heading angle of the robot.
Arguments:
angle (:ref:`angle`): Value to which the heading should be reset.
"""
pass
def gyro(self, axis=Axis.ALL):
"""gyro(axis=Axis.ALL)
Measure the angular velocity of the device along a given axis in the
:ref:`robot reference frame <robotframe>`.
Arguments:
axis (Axis): Axis along which the angular velocity is
measured. (*Default*: ``axis=Axis.ALL``)
Returns:
:ref:`speed`. Returns a :ref:`scalar` of the angular velocity
along the specified axis.
If you choose ``axis=Axis.ALL``, you get a :ref:`vector` with the
angular velocities along all three axes (x, y, z).
"""
pass