diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.test.tsx b/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.test.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..703f65b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.test.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
+
+import { RenderResult, cleanup } from '@testing-library/react';
+import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
+import React from 'react';
+import { testRender } from '../../../test';
+import { Toolbar } from './Toolbar';
+import { ToolbarButton } from './ToolbarButton';
+
+afterEach(() => {
+    cleanup();
+});
+
+const TestToolbar: React.VoidFunctionComponent = () => {
+    return (
+        <Toolbar
+            className="test-class"
+            aria-label="Test Toolbar"
+            firstFocusableItemId="button1"
+        >
+            <ToolbarButton id="button1" aria-label="Button 1" />
+            <ToolbarButton id="button2" aria-label="Button 2" />
+            <ToolbarButton id="button3" aria-label="Button 3" />
+        </Toolbar>
+    );
+};
+
+function getButtons(toolbar: RenderResult): {
+    button1: HTMLElement;
+    button2: HTMLElement;
+    button3: HTMLElement;
+} {
+    const button1 = toolbar.getByRole('button', { name: 'Button 1' });
+    const button2 = toolbar.getByRole('button', { name: 'Button 2' });
+    const button3 = toolbar.getByRole('button', { name: 'Button 3' });
+
+    return { button1, button2, button3 };
+}
+
+describe('Toolbar', () => {
+    it('should have toolbar role', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        expect(toolbar.getByRole('toolbar', { name: 'Test Toolbar' })).toHaveClass(
+            'test-class',
+        );
+    });
+
+    it('should focus the first element by default', async () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        expect(button1).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+
+        userEvent.tab();
+
+        expect(button1).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should focus next with right arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button1.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowRight]');
+
+        expect(button2).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should focus previous with left arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button3.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowLeft]');
+
+        expect(button2).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should wrap focus next with right arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button3.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowRight]');
+
+        expect(button1).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should wrap focus previous with left arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button1.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowLeft]');
+
+        expect(button3).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+    });
+
+    it('should focus first with home key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button3.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[Home]');
+
+        expect(button1).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should focus last with end key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button1.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[End]');
+
+        expect(button3).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button3).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+    });
+
+    it('should not change focus with up arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button2.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowUp]');
+
+        expect(button2).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should not change focus with down arrow key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button2.focus();
+        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowDown]');
+
+        expect(button2).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should not focus next item with tab key', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        button2.focus();
+        userEvent.tab();
+
+        expect(document.body).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+
+    it('should focus on click', () => {
+        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
+
+        const { button1, button2, button3 } = getButtons(toolbar);
+
+        userEvent.click(button2);
+
+        expect(button2).toHaveFocus();
+        expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+        expect(button2).not.toHaveAttribute('tabindex');
+        expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
+    });
+});
diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx b/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
index 4d46753e..70a7fd5a 100644
--- a/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
@@ -1,18 +1,19 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 // Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
 
-import React, { AriaAttributes, KeyboardEventHandler, useCallback } from 'react';
-import { FocusAction } from '../../utils/react';
+import React from 'react';
+import { FocusScope } from 'react-aria';
+import { useToolbar } from './aria';
+import { ToolbarStateContext, useToolbarState } from './state';
+import { AriaToolbarProps } from './types';
 
-type ToolbarProps = Pick<AriaAttributes, 'aria-label' | 'aria-labelledby'> & {
+type ToolbarProps = Pick<
+    AriaToolbarProps,
+    'aria-label' | 'aria-labelledby' | 'firstFocusableItemId'
+> & {
     /** CSS class name for the tooltip element. */
     className?: string;
-    /** Indicates that the toolbar has a vertical orientation. */
-    vertical?: boolean;
-    /** Called when a keyboard event occurs. */
-    onKeyboard?: (action: FocusAction) => void;
 };
-
 /**
  * An accessible toolbar component.
  *
@@ -21,49 +22,16 @@ type ToolbarProps = Pick<AriaAttributes, 'aria-label' | 'aria-labelledby'> & {
  *
  * https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/Roles/toolbar_role
  */
-const Toolbar: React.FunctionComponent<ToolbarProps> = ({
-    children,
-    vertical,
-    onKeyboard,
-    ...divProps
-}) => {
-    const handleKeyDown = useCallback<KeyboardEventHandler<HTMLDivElement>>(
-        (e) => {
-            // ignore all key presses with modifiers
-            if (e.altKey || e.ctrlKey || e.shiftKey || e.metaKey) {
-                return;
-            }
-
-            if (e.key === (vertical ? 'ArrowUp' : 'ArrowLeft')) {
-                onKeyboard?.(FocusAction.MovePrev);
-            } else if (e.key === (vertical ? 'ArrowDown' : 'ArrowRight')) {
-                onKeyboard?.(FocusAction.MoveNext);
-            } else if (e.key === 'Home') {
-                onKeyboard?.(FocusAction.MoveFirst);
-            } else if (e.key === 'End') {
-                onKeyboard?.(FocusAction.MoveLast);
-            } else {
-                // allow everything else to propagate.
-                return;
-            }
-
-            // we consumed the key press
-            e.preventDefault();
-            e.stopPropagation();
-        },
-        [vertical, onKeyboard],
-    );
+export const Toolbar: React.FunctionComponent<ToolbarProps> = (props) => {
+    const { className, children } = props;
+    const state = useToolbarState(props);
+    const { toolbarProps } = useToolbar(props);
 
     return (
-        <div
-            role="toolbar"
-            aria-orientation={vertical ? 'vertical' : undefined}
-            {...divProps}
-            onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
-        >
-            {children}
+        <div className={className} {...toolbarProps}>
+            <ToolbarStateContext.Provider value={state}>
+                <FocusScope>{children}</FocusScope>
+            </ToolbarStateContext.Provider>
         </div>
     );
 };
-
-export default Toolbar;
diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/ToolbarButton.tsx b/src/components/toolbar/ToolbarButton.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..33fc283a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/ToolbarButton.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
+
+import { Classes } from '@blueprintjs/core';
+import { mergeProps } from '@react-aria/utils';
+import { AriaButtonProps } from '@react-types/button';
+import classNames from 'classnames';
+import React, { useRef } from 'react';
+import { FocusRing, useButton } from 'react-aria';
+import { useToolbarItemFocus } from './aria';
+
+type ToolbarButtonProps = Pick<
+    AriaButtonProps,
+    'aria-label' | 'aria-describedby' | 'id' | 'children'
+> & { id: string; className?: string };
+
+/** React component for toolbar item buttons. */
+export const ToolbarButton: React.FunctionComponent<ToolbarButtonProps> = (props) => {
+    const { className, children } = props;
+    const ref = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
+
+    const { toolbarItemFocusProps, excludeFromTabOrder } = useToolbarItemFocus(props);
+
+    const { buttonProps, isPressed } = useButton(
+        mergeProps(props, {
+            excludeFromTabOrder,
+        }),
+        ref,
+    );
+
+    return (
+        <FocusRing focusRingClass="pb-focus-ring">
+            <button
+                className={classNames(
+                    Classes.BUTTON,
+                    isPressed && Classes.ACTIVE,
+                    'pb-focus-managed',
+                    className,
+                )}
+                ref={ref}
+                {...mergeProps(toolbarItemFocusProps, buttonProps)}
+            >
+                {children}
+            </button>
+        </FocusRing>
+    );
+};
diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/aria.ts b/src/components/toolbar/aria.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..c34b2946
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/aria.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
+
+import { filterDOMProps } from '@react-aria/utils';
+import {
+    FocusEventHandler,
+    HTMLAttributes,
+    KeyboardEventHandler,
+    useCallback,
+    useContext,
+} from 'react';
+import { FocusScope, mergeProps, useFocusManager } from 'react-aria';
+import { ToolbarStateContext } from './state';
+import { AriaToolbarProps } from './types';
+
+// for doc comment link
+FocusScope;
+
+type ToolbarAria = {
+    toolbarProps: HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>;
+};
+
+/** React hook for creating toolbar element props. */
+export function useToolbar(props: AriaToolbarProps): ToolbarAria {
+    const domProps = filterDOMProps(props, { labelable: true });
+    return { toolbarProps: mergeProps(domProps, { role: 'toolbar' }) };
+}
+
+type ToolbarItemFocusAria = {
+    toolbarItemFocusProps: HTMLAttributes<HTMLElement>;
+    excludeFromTabOrder: boolean;
+};
+
+/**
+ * React hook for creating toolbar item element props for focus management.
+ *
+ * Using this hook requires the current element to be inside of an
+ * {@link ToolbarStateContext} and to be inside of a {@link FocusScope}.
+ */
+export function useToolbarItemFocus(props: { id: string }): ToolbarItemFocusAria {
+    const { id } = props;
+    const state = useContext(ToolbarStateContext);
+    const focusManager = useFocusManager();
+
+    const onKeyDown = useCallback<KeyboardEventHandler<HTMLElement>>(
+        (e) => {
+            switch (e.key) {
+                case 'ArrowLeft':
+                    focusManager.focusPrevious({ wrap: true });
+                    break;
+                case 'ArrowRight':
+                    focusManager.focusNext({ wrap: true });
+                    break;
+                case 'Home':
+                    focusManager.focusFirst();
+                    break;
+                case 'End':
+                    focusManager.focusLast();
+                    break;
+                default:
+                    return;
+            }
+        },
+        [focusManager],
+    );
+
+    const onFocus = useCallback<FocusEventHandler<HTMLElement>>(
+        (e) => {
+            state.setLastFocusedItem(e.target.id);
+        },
+        [state.setLastFocusedItem],
+    );
+    const excludeFromTabOrder = id !== state.lastFocusedItem;
+
+    return { toolbarItemFocusProps: { onKeyDown, onFocus }, excludeFromTabOrder };
+}
diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/state.ts b/src/components/toolbar/state.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4ec50b17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/state.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
+
+import { createContext, useState } from 'react';
+import { ToolbarProps } from './types';
+
+export type ToolbarState = Readonly<{
+    /** The DOM id of the most recently focused item. */
+    lastFocusedItem?: string;
+    /**
+     * Sets the most recently focused item.
+     * @param id  The DOM id of the element.
+     */
+    setLastFocusedItem: (id: string) => void;
+}>;
+
+/** React hook for managing toolbar state. */
+export function useToolbarState(props: ToolbarProps): ToolbarState {
+    const { firstFocusableItemId } = props;
+    const [lastFocusedItem, setLastFocusedItem] = useState(firstFocusableItemId);
+
+    return { lastFocusedItem, setLastFocusedItem };
+}
+
+/** React context for passing state from toolbar to toolbar items. */
+export const ToolbarStateContext = createContext<ToolbarState>({
+    lastFocusedItem: 'default',
+    setLastFocusedItem: () => undefined,
+});
diff --git a/src/components/toolbar/types.ts b/src/components/toolbar/types.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..6b20a727
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/components/toolbar/types.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
+import { AriaLabelingProps, DOMProps } from '@react-types/shared';
+
+export type ToolbarProps = {
+    firstFocusableItemId: string;
+};
+
+export type AriaToolbarProps = ToolbarProps & DOMProps & AriaLabelingProps;
diff --git a/src/explorer/Explorer.tsx b/src/explorer/Explorer.tsx
index 0faf57c7..4f91332d 100644
--- a/src/explorer/Explorer.tsx
+++ b/src/explorer/Explorer.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ import {
     useHotkeys,
 } from '@blueprintjs/core';
 import { I18n, useI18n } from '@shopify/react-i18n';
-import React, { RefObject, useCallback, useMemo, useRef, useState } from 'react';
+import React, { useCallback, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useId } from 'react-aria';
 import {
     ControlledTreeEnvironment,
     LiveDescriptors,
@@ -24,10 +25,10 @@ import {
     useTreeEnvironment,
 } from 'react-complex-tree';
 import { useDispatch } from 'react-redux';
-import Toolbar from '../components/toolbar/Toolbar';
+import { Toolbar } from '../components/toolbar/Toolbar';
+import { useToolbarItemFocus } from '../components/toolbar/aria';
 import { useSelector } from '../reducers';
 import { isMacOS } from '../utils/os';
-import { useRovingTabIndex } from '../utils/react';
 import { TreeItemContext, TreeItemData, renderers } from '../utils/tree-renderer';
 import {
     explorerActivateFile,
@@ -44,23 +45,20 @@ import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 import NewFileWizard from './newFileWizard/NewFileWizard';
 
 type ActionButtonProps = {
+    /** The DOM id for this instance. */
+    id: string;
     /** The icon to use for the button. */
     icon: IconName;
     /** The tooltip/title text. */
     tooltip: string;
-    /** If false, prevent focus. Default is true. */
-    focusable?: boolean;
-    /** Reference to the `<button>` HTML element. */
-    elementRef?: RefObject<HTMLButtonElement>;
     /** Callback for button click event. */
     onClick: () => void;
 };
 
 const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
+    id,
     icon,
     tooltip,
-    focusable,
-    elementRef,
     onClick,
 }) => {
     const handleClick = useCallback<React.MouseEventHandler>(
@@ -72,15 +70,16 @@ const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
         [onClick],
     );
 
+    const { toolbarItemFocusProps, excludeFromTabOrder } = useToolbarItemFocus({ id });
+
     return (
         <Button
+            id={id}
             icon={icon}
             title={tooltip}
-            tabIndex={focusable === false ? -1 : undefined}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
-            onFocus={focusable === false ? (e) => e.preventDefault() : undefined}
             onClick={handleClick}
-            onMouseDown={(e) => e.stopPropagation()}
+            {...toolbarItemFocusProps}
+            tabIndex={excludeFromTabOrder ? -1 : 0}
         />
     );
 };
@@ -105,35 +104,43 @@ const FileActionButtonGroup: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonGroupProps>
 
     const fileName = environment.getItemTitle(item);
 
+    const duplicateButtonId = useId();
+    const exportButtonId = useId();
+    const deleteButtonId = useId();
+
     return (
         <ButtonGroup
             aria-hidden={true}
             className="pb-explorer-file-action-button-group"
             minimal={true}
         >
-            <ActionButton
-                icon="duplicate"
-                tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemDuplicateTooltip, { fileName })}
-                focusable={false}
-                onClick={() => dispatch(explorerDuplicateFile(fileName))}
-            />
-            <ActionButton
-                // NB: the "import" icon has an arrow pointing down, which is
-                // what we want here since import is analogous to download
-                // and it also matches the direction of the arrow on the
-                // archive icon which is also used to indicate an export/
-                // download operation
-                icon="import"
-                tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemExportTooltip, { fileName })}
-                focusable={false}
-                onClick={() => dispatch(explorerExportFile(fileName))}
-            />
-            <ActionButton
-                icon="trash"
-                tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemDeleteTooltip, { fileName })}
-                focusable={false}
-                onClick={() => dispatch(explorerDeleteFile(fileName))}
-            />
+            <Toolbar firstFocusableItemId={duplicateButtonId}>
+                <ActionButton
+                    id={duplicateButtonId}
+                    icon="duplicate"
+                    tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemDuplicateTooltip, {
+                        fileName,
+                    })}
+                    onClick={() => dispatch(explorerDuplicateFile(fileName))}
+                />
+                <ActionButton
+                    id={exportButtonId}
+                    // NB: the "import" icon has an arrow pointing down, which is
+                    // what we want here since import is analogous to download
+                    // and it also matches the direction of the arrow on the
+                    // archive icon which is also used to indicate an export/
+                    // download operation
+                    icon="import"
+                    tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemExportTooltip, { fileName })}
+                    onClick={() => dispatch(explorerExportFile(fileName))}
+                />
+                <ActionButton
+                    id={deleteButtonId}
+                    icon="trash"
+                    tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.TreeItemDeleteTooltip, { fileName })}
+                    onClick={() => dispatch(explorerDeleteFile(fileName))}
+                />
+            </Toolbar>
         </ButtonGroup>
     );
 };
@@ -144,43 +151,37 @@ type HeaderProps = {
 };
 
 const Header: React.VoidFunctionComponent<HeaderProps> = ({ i18n }) => {
-    const archiveButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const exportButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const newButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
+    const archiveButtonId = useId();
+    const exportButtonId = useId();
+    const newButtonId = useId();
     const dispatch = useDispatch();
 
-    const moveFocus = useRovingTabIndex(
-        archiveButtonRef,
-        exportButtonRef,
-        newButtonRef,
-    );
-
     return (
         <Toolbar
             className="pb-explorer-header-toolbar"
             aria-label={i18n.translate(I18nId.HeaderToolbarTitle)}
-            onKeyboard={moveFocus}
+            firstFocusableItemId={archiveButtonId}
         >
             <ButtonGroup minimal={true}>
                 <ActionButton
+                    id={archiveButtonId}
                     icon="archive"
                     tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.HeaderToolbarExportAll)}
-                    elementRef={archiveButtonRef}
                     onClick={() => dispatch(explorerArchiveAllFiles())}
                 />
                 <ActionButton
+                    id={exportButtonId}
                     // NB: the "export" icon has an arrow pointing up, which is
                     // what we want here since import is analogous to upload
                     // even though this is the "import" action
                     icon="export"
                     tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.HeaderToolbarImport)}
-                    elementRef={exportButtonRef}
                     onClick={() => dispatch(explorerImportFiles())}
                 />
                 <ActionButton
+                    id={newButtonId}
                     icon="plus"
                     tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.HeaderToolbarAddNew)}
-                    elementRef={newButtonRef}
                     onClick={() => dispatch(explorerCreateNewFile())}
                 />
             </ButtonGroup>
diff --git a/src/toolbar/ActionButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/ActionButton.tsx
index 86a6fca9..2ce0dba9 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/ActionButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/ActionButton.tsx
@@ -3,19 +3,22 @@
 
 import {
     Button,
+    IRef,
     Intent,
     Spinner,
     SpinnerSize,
-    mergeRefs,
     useHotkeys,
 } from '@blueprintjs/core';
 import { Tooltip2 } from '@blueprintjs/popover2';
-import React, { RefObject, useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import React, { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
 import { tooltipDelay } from '../app/constants';
+import { useToolbarItemFocus } from '../components/toolbar/aria';
 
 const smallScreenThreshold = 700;
 
 export interface ActionButtonProps {
+    /** The DOM id for this instance. */
+    id: string;
     /** A unique label for each instance. */
     readonly label: string;
     /** Keyboard shortcut. */
@@ -30,13 +33,12 @@ export interface ActionButtonProps {
     readonly showProgress?: boolean;
     /** The progress value (0 to 1) or undefined for indeterminate progress. */
     readonly progress?: number;
-    /** Reference to the <button> HTML element. */
-    readonly elementRef?: RefObject<HTMLButtonElement>;
     /** Callback that is called when the button is activated (clicked). */
     readonly onAction: () => void;
 }
 
 const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
+    id,
     label,
     keyboardShortcut,
     tooltip,
@@ -44,7 +46,6 @@ const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
     enabled,
     showProgress,
     progress,
-    elementRef,
     onAction,
 }) => {
     const [isSmallScreen, setIsSmallScreen] = useState(
@@ -84,6 +85,8 @@ const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
 
     useHotkeys(hotkeys);
 
+    const { toolbarItemFocusProps, excludeFromTabOrder } = useToolbarItemFocus({ id });
+
     return (
         <Tooltip2
             content={tooltip}
@@ -95,17 +98,17 @@ const ActionButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ActionButtonProps> = ({
                 ...tooltipTargetProps
             }) => (
                 <Button
+                    id={id}
                     aria-label={label}
-                    elementRef={mergeRefs<HTMLButtonElement>(
-                        elementRef ?? null,
-                        tooltipTargetRef,
-                    )}
+                    elementRef={tooltipTargetRef as IRef<HTMLButtonElement>}
                     {...tooltipTargetProps}
                     // https://github.com/palantir/blueprint/pull/5300
                     aria-haspopup={undefined}
                     intent={Intent.PRIMARY}
                     onClick={onAction}
                     disabled={enabled === false}
+                    {...toolbarItemFocusProps}
+                    tabIndex={excludeFromTabOrder ? -1 : 0}
                 >
                     {showProgress ? (
                         <Spinner
diff --git a/src/toolbar/OpenFileButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/OpenFileButton.tsx
index 3e729e4a..cafb7277 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/OpenFileButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/OpenFileButton.tsx
@@ -1,14 +1,17 @@
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 // Copyright (c) 2020-2022 The Pybricks Authors
 
-import { Button, Intent, Spinner, SpinnerSize, mergeRefs } from '@blueprintjs/core';
+import { Button, IRef, Intent, Spinner, SpinnerSize } from '@blueprintjs/core';
 import { Tooltip2 } from '@blueprintjs/popover2';
-import React, { RefObject, useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
 import { useDropzone } from 'react-dropzone';
 import { tooltipDelay } from '../app/constants';
+import { useToolbarItemFocus } from '../components/toolbar/aria';
 
 const smallScreenThreshold = 700;
 export interface OpenFileButtonProps {
+    /** A DOM id for this button. */
+    readonly id: string;
     /** A unique label for each instance. */
     readonly label: string;
     /** The accepted file extension */
@@ -23,8 +26,6 @@ export interface OpenFileButtonProps {
     readonly showProgress?: boolean;
     /** The progress value (0 to 1) for the progress spinner. */
     readonly progress?: number;
-    /** Reference to the <button> HTML element. */
-    readonly elementRef?: RefObject<HTMLButtonElement>;
     /** Callback that is called when a file has been selected and opened for reading. */
     readonly onFile: (data: ArrayBuffer) => void;
     /** Callback that is called when a file has been rejected (e.g. bad file extension). */
@@ -37,6 +38,7 @@ export interface OpenFileButtonProps {
  * Button that opens a file chooser dialog or accepts files dropped on it.
  */
 const OpenFileButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<OpenFileButtonProps> = ({
+    id,
     label,
     fileExtension,
     tooltip,
@@ -44,7 +46,6 @@ const OpenFileButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<OpenFileButtonProps> = ({
     enabled,
     showProgress,
     progress,
-    elementRef,
     onFile,
     onReject,
     onClick,
@@ -97,6 +98,8 @@ const OpenFileButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<OpenFileButtonProps> = ({
         },
     });
 
+    const { toolbarItemFocusProps, excludeFromTabOrder } = useToolbarItemFocus({ id });
+
     return (
         <Tooltip2
             content={tooltip}
@@ -109,18 +112,18 @@ const OpenFileButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<OpenFileButtonProps> = ({
             }) => (
                 <Button
                     {...getRootProps({
+                        id,
                         'aria-label': label,
                         refKey: 'elementRef',
-                        elementRef: mergeRefs<HTMLButtonElement>(
-                            elementRef ?? null,
-                            tooltipTargetRef,
-                        ),
+                        elementRef: tooltipTargetRef as IRef<HTMLButtonElement>,
                         ...tooltipTargetProps,
                         // https://github.com/palantir/blueprint/pull/5300
                         'aria-haspopup': undefined,
                         intent: Intent.PRIMARY,
                         disabled: enabled === false,
-                        onClick: onClick,
+                        onClick,
+                        ...toolbarItemFocusProps,
+                        tabIndex: excludeFromTabOrder ? -1 : 0,
                     })}
                 >
                     <input {...getInputProps()} />
diff --git a/src/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx b/src/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
index 65756260..e0348524 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/Toolbar.tsx
@@ -2,9 +2,9 @@
 // Copyright (c) 2020-2022 The Pybricks Authors
 
 import { ButtonGroup } from '@blueprintjs/core';
-import React, { useRef } from 'react';
-import UtilsToolbar from '../components/toolbar/Toolbar';
-import { useRovingTabIndex } from '../utils/react';
+import React from 'react';
+import { useId } from 'react-aria';
+import { Toolbar as UtilsToolbar } from '../components/toolbar/Toolbar';
 import BluetoothButton from './buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton';
 import FlashButton from './buttons/flash/FlashButton';
 import ReplButton from './buttons/repl/ReplButton';
@@ -14,30 +14,22 @@ import StopButton from './buttons/stop/StopButton';
 import './toolbar.scss';
 
 const Toolbar: React.VFC = () => {
-    const flashButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const bluetoothButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const runButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const stopButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const replButtonRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-
-    const moveFocus = useRovingTabIndex(
-        flashButtonRef,
-        bluetoothButtonRef,
-        runButtonRef,
-        stopButtonRef,
-        replButtonRef,
-    );
+    const flashButtonId = useId();
+    const bluetoothButtonId = useId();
+    const runButtonId = useId();
+    const stopButtonId = useId();
+    const replButtonId = useId();
 
     return (
-        <UtilsToolbar className="pb-toolbar" onKeyboard={moveFocus}>
+        <UtilsToolbar className="pb-toolbar" firstFocusableItemId={flashButtonId}>
             <ButtonGroup className="pb-toolbar-group pb-align-left">
-                <FlashButton elementRef={flashButtonRef} />
-                <BluetoothButton elementRef={bluetoothButtonRef} />
+                <FlashButton id={flashButtonId} />
+                <BluetoothButton id={bluetoothButtonId} />
             </ButtonGroup>
             <ButtonGroup className="pb-toolbar-group pb-align-left">
-                <RunButton elementRef={runButtonRef} />
-                <StopButton elementRef={stopButtonRef} />
-                <ReplButton elementRef={replButtonRef} />
+                <RunButton id={runButtonId} />
+                <StopButton id={stopButtonId} />
+                <ReplButton id={replButtonId} />
             </ButtonGroup>
         </UtilsToolbar>
     );
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.test.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.test.tsx
index 5c2b5dbd..250c0d0f 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.test.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.test.tsx
@@ -12,7 +12,9 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 it('should dispatch action when clicked', () => {
-    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<BluetoothButton />);
+    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(
+        <BluetoothButton id="test-bluetooth-button" />,
+    );
 
     button.getByRole('button', { name: 'Bluetooth' }).click();
 
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.tsx
index 5c36e76c..f08051f8 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/bluetooth/BluetoothButton.tsx
@@ -13,11 +13,9 @@ import connectedIcon from './connected.svg';
 import disconnectedIcon from './disconnected.svg';
 import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 
-type BluetoothButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'elementRef'>;
+type BluetoothButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'id'>;
 
-const BluetoothButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<BluetoothButtonProps> = ({
-    elementRef,
-}) => {
+const BluetoothButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<BluetoothButtonProps> = ({ id }) => {
     const bootloaderConnection = useSelector((s) => s.bootloader.connection);
     const bleConnection = useSelector((s) => s.ble.connection);
 
@@ -31,6 +29,7 @@ const BluetoothButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<BluetoothButtonProps> = ({
 
     return (
         <ActionButton
+            id={id}
             label={i18n.translate(I18nId.Label)}
             tooltip={i18n.translate(
                 isDisconnected ? I18nId.TooltipConnect : I18nId.TooltipDisconnect,
@@ -38,7 +37,6 @@ const BluetoothButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<BluetoothButtonProps> = ({
             icon={isDisconnected ? disconnectedIcon : connectedIcon}
             enabled={isDisconnected || bleConnection === BleConnectionState.Connected}
             showProgress={bleConnection === BleConnectionState.Connecting}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
             onAction={() => dispatch(toggleBluetooth())}
         />
     );
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.test.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.test.tsx
index e514f9f7..3f8c4335 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.test.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.test.tsx
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 it('should dispatch action when clicked', () => {
-    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<FlashButton />);
+    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<FlashButton id="test-flash-button" />);
 
     button.getByRole('button', { name: 'Flash' }).click();
 
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.tsx
index b6a3916e..30e70d0c 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/flash/FlashButton.tsx
@@ -17,9 +17,9 @@ import OpenFileButton, { OpenFileButtonProps } from '../../../toolbar/OpenFileBu
 import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 import icon from './icon.svg';
 
-type FlashButtonProps = Pick<OpenFileButtonProps, 'elementRef'>;
+type FlashButtonProps = Pick<OpenFileButtonProps, 'id'>;
 
-const FlashButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<FlashButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }) => {
+const FlashButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<FlashButtonProps> = ({ id }) => {
     const bootloaderConnection = useSelector((s) => s.bootloader.connection);
     const bleConnection = useSelector((s) => s.ble.connection);
     const flashing = useSelector((s) => s.firmware.flashing);
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ const FlashButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<FlashButtonProps> = ({ elementRef
 
     return (
         <OpenFileButton
+            id={id}
             label={i18n.translate(I18nId.Label)}
             fileExtension=".zip"
             icon={icon}
@@ -49,7 +50,6 @@ const FlashButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<FlashButtonProps> = ({ elementRef
             }
             showProgress={flashing}
             progress={progress === null ? undefined : progress}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
             onFile={(data) =>
                 dispatch(
                     flashFirmware(data, isSettingFlashCurrentProgramEnabled, hubName),
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.test.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.test.tsx
index ffd9ae41..d2863f85 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.test.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.test.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 it('should dispatch action when clicked', () => {
-    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<ReplButton />, {
+    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<ReplButton id="test-repl-button" />, {
         hub: { runtime: HubRuntimeState.Idle },
     });
 
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.tsx
index d4006461..ad7e5cd5 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/repl/ReplButton.tsx
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import ActionButton, { ActionButtonProps } from '../../ActionButton';
 import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 import icon from './icon.svg';
 
-type ReplButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'elementRef'>;
+type ReplButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'id'>;
 
-const ReplButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ReplButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }) => {
+const ReplButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ReplButtonProps> = ({ id }) => {
     // istanbul ignore next: babel-loader rewrites this line
     const [i18n] = useI18n();
     const dispatch = useDispatch();
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ const ReplButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<ReplButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }
 
     return (
         <ActionButton
+            id={id}
             label={i18n.translate(I18nId.Label)}
             tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.Tooltip)}
             icon={icon}
             enabled={enabled}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
             onAction={action}
         />
     );
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.test.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.test.tsx
index 150afc59..71a3cdf3 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.test.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.test.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 it('should dispatch action when clicked', () => {
-    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<RunButton />, {
+    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<RunButton id="test-run-button" />, {
         editor: { isReady: true },
         hub: { runtime: HubRuntimeState.Idle },
     });
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.tsx
index ec43fb3a..cd8b142e 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/run/RunButton.tsx
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import ActionButton, { ActionButtonProps } from '../../ActionButton';
 import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 import icon from './icon.svg';
 
-type RunButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'elementRef'>;
+type RunButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'id'>;
 
-const RunButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<RunButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }) => {
+const RunButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<RunButtonProps> = ({ id }) => {
     const downloadProgress = useSelector((s) => s.hub.downloadProgress);
     const runtime = useSelector((s) => s.hub.runtime);
     const isEditorReady = useSelector((s) => s.editor.isReady);
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ const RunButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<RunButtonProps> = ({ elementRef })
 
     return (
         <ActionButton
+            id={id}
             label={i18n.translate(I18nId.Label)}
             keyboardShortcut={keyboardShortcut}
             tooltip={
@@ -38,7 +39,6 @@ const RunButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<RunButtonProps> = ({ elementRef })
             enabled={isEditorReady && runtime === HubRuntimeState.Idle}
             showProgress={runtime === HubRuntimeState.Loading}
             progress={downloadProgress === null ? undefined : downloadProgress}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
             onAction={() => dispatch(downloadAndRun())}
         />
     );
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.test.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.test.tsx
index fd8af252..dde87f67 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.test.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.test.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ afterEach(() => {
 });
 
 it('should dispatch action when clicked', () => {
-    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<StopButton />, {
+    const [button, dispatch] = testRender(<StopButton id="test-stop-button" />, {
         hub: { runtime: HubRuntimeState.Running },
     });
 
diff --git a/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.tsx b/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.tsx
index 4ba1d898..5081edc6 100644
--- a/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.tsx
+++ b/src/toolbar/buttons/stop/StopButton.tsx
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ import ActionButton, { ActionButtonProps } from '../../ActionButton';
 import { I18nId } from './i18n';
 import icon from './icon.svg';
 
-type StopButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'elementRef'>;
+type StopButtonProps = Pick<ActionButtonProps, 'id'>;
 
-const StopButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<StopButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }) => {
+const StopButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<StopButtonProps> = ({ id }) => {
     const runtime = useSelector((s) => s.hub.runtime);
     const keyboardShortcut = 'F6';
 
@@ -23,12 +23,12 @@ const StopButton: React.VoidFunctionComponent<StopButtonProps> = ({ elementRef }
 
     return (
         <ActionButton
+            id={id}
             label={i18n.translate(I18nId.Label)}
             keyboardShortcut={keyboardShortcut}
             tooltip={i18n.translate(I18nId.Tooltip, { key: keyboardShortcut })}
             icon={icon}
             enabled={runtime === HubRuntimeState.Running}
-            elementRef={elementRef}
             onAction={() => dispatch(stop())}
         />
     );
diff --git a/src/utils/react.test.tsx b/src/utils/react.test.tsx
deleted file mode 100644
index 0c15b4a6..00000000
--- a/src/utils/react.test.tsx
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,119 +0,0 @@
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-// Copyright (c) 2022 The Pybricks Authors
-
-import { cleanup } from '@testing-library/react';
-import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
-import React, { useRef } from 'react';
-import { testRender } from '../../test';
-import Toolbar from '../components/toolbar/Toolbar';
-import { useRovingTabIndex } from './react';
-
-afterEach(() => {
-    cleanup();
-});
-
-const TestToolbar: React.VoidFunctionComponent = () => {
-    const button1Ref = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const button2Ref = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-    const button3Ref = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null);
-
-    const moveFocus = useRovingTabIndex(button1Ref, button2Ref, button3Ref);
-
-    return (
-        <Toolbar onKeyboard={moveFocus}>
-            <button data-testid="button1" ref={button1Ref} />
-            <button data-testid="button2" ref={button2Ref} />
-            <button data-testid="button3" ref={button3Ref} />
-        </Toolbar>
-    );
-};
-
-describe('useRovingTabIndex', () => {
-    it('should focus the first element by default', async () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        const button1 = toolbar.getByTestId('button1');
-        const button2 = toolbar.getByTestId('button2');
-        const button3 = toolbar.getByTestId('button3');
-
-        () => expect(button1).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '0');
-        () => expect(button2).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
-        () => expect(button3).toHaveAttribute('tabindex', '-1');
-
-        userEvent.tab();
-
-        expect(button1).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should focus next with right arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button1').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowRight]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button2')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should focus previous with left arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button3').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowLeft]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button2')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should wrap focus next with right arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button3').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowRight]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button1')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should wrap focus previous with left arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button1').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowLeft]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button3')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should focus first with home key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button3').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[Home]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button1')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should focus last with end key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button1').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[End]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button3')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should not change focus with up arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button2').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowUp]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button2')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-
-    it('should not change focus with down arrow key', () => {
-        const [toolbar] = testRender(<TestToolbar />);
-
-        toolbar.getByTestId('button2').focus();
-        userEvent.keyboard('[ArrowDown]');
-
-        expect(toolbar.getByTestId('button2')).toHaveFocus();
-    });
-});
diff --git a/src/utils/react.ts b/src/utils/react.ts
index 4999efa4..7f681433 100644
--- a/src/utils/react.ts
+++ b/src/utils/react.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 // helper functions for React components
 
-import { IRefObject } from '@blueprintjs/core';
-import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react';
+import { useState } from 'react';
 import { createCountFunc } from './iter';
 
 const nextId = createCountFunc();
@@ -17,76 +16,3 @@ export const useUniqueId = (prefix: string): string => {
     const [uniqueId] = useState(`${prefix}-${nextId()}`);
     return uniqueId;
 };
-
-/** Describes the requested interaction. */
-export enum FocusAction {
-    /** Move focus to the previous control. */
-    MovePrev,
-    /** Move focus to the next control. */
-    MoveNext,
-    /** Move focus to the first control. */
-    MoveFirst,
-    /** Move focus to the last control. */
-    MoveLast,
-}
-
-/**
- * React hook to manage roving tab index for accessible keyboard navigation
- * of components.
- *
- * @param elements References to elements to be focuses in the order they
- * they should be focused. The number of elements and order must be constant!
- *
- * @returns A function that should be used to focus an element in reaction to
- * a keyboard event. For example, this can be passed directly as the
- * `onKeyboard` property of the `Toolbar` component.
- */
-export function useRovingTabIndex(
-    ...elements: Array<IRefObject<HTMLElement>>
-): (action: FocusAction) => void {
-    // when the component is first mounted, the first item will be the focus target
-    useEffect(() => {
-        for (const [i, e] of elements.entries()) {
-            e.current?.setAttribute('tabindex', i === 0 ? '0' : '-1');
-        }
-    }, [...elements]);
-
-    return useMemo(() => {
-        function move(action: FocusAction): void {
-            // default is to focus the first element
-            let newFocusIndex = 0;
-
-            if (action === FocusAction.MoveFirst) {
-                // correct index is already selected
-            } else if (action === FocusAction.MoveLast) {
-                newFocusIndex = elements.length - 1;
-            } else {
-                // find the currently focused element, if any
-                const currentFocusIndex = elements.findIndex(
-                    (e) => e.current === document.activeElement,
-                );
-
-                if (currentFocusIndex >= 0) {
-                    if (action === FocusAction.MovePrev) {
-                        newFocusIndex = currentFocusIndex - 1;
-                    } else if (action === FocusAction.MoveNext) {
-                        newFocusIndex = currentFocusIndex + 1;
-                    }
-
-                    // handle wrap around
-                    newFocusIndex = (newFocusIndex + elements.length) % elements.length;
-                }
-            }
-
-            for (const [i, e] of elements.entries()) {
-                e.current?.setAttribute('tabindex', i === newFocusIndex ? '0' : '-1');
-
-                if (i === newFocusIndex) {
-                    e.current?.focus();
-                }
-            }
-        }
-
-        return move;
-    }, [...elements]);
-}